19 Human Immuno- deficiency Virus 7 Definition A retrovirus that reproduces intracellularly within the host cell through replication in human macrophages and T4 lymphocytes. These latter two types of cells, vital components of the immune system, are depleted gradually, rendering the individual increasingly susceptible to opportunistic infections. Characteristics Documented modes of transmission include contact with HIV-infected blood and body flu- ids through unprotected sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, artificial insemina- tion, and less commonly through transmission of infected blood or blood products, organ transplants, and perinatal transmission (from infected mother to infant during pregnancy, de- livery, or breastfeeding). Occupational exposure usually occurs through parenteral, mucous membrane, or non-intact skin contact with HIV-infected blood or body fluids during perfor- mance of work duties. The initial HIV infection can present as a flu-like syndrome and include fever, lym- phadenopathy, myalgia, arthralgia, diarrhea lasting more than a week, fatigue, and rash. Other symptoms include rapid weight loss, dry cough, night sweats, and white spots or un- usual blemishes on the tongue, in the mouth, or in the throat. Antibodies usually develop 6 to 12 weeks post-exposure, and most individuals are asymptomatic for months to years. A generalized lymphadenopathy can persist for several months in some individuals. HIV infec- tion is detected through screening for antibodies with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and is validated with Western blot testing. If untreated, eventually most HIV-infected individuals develop AIDS (Acquired Immunodefi- ciency Syndrome). Treatment with anti-retroviral medications increases the life expectancy of people infected with HIV. Policy Develop company policies regarding both HIV exposure in the workplace and management of employees with HIV infection in accordance with current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines OSHA’s Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (which includes an exposure control plan) and relevant state laws, rules, and regulations. Education and training for employees is critical. Evaluate in the occupational health unit an employee who has symptoms of HIV infection or who suspects exposure, and refer for appropriate medical evaluation. Maintain confidential- ity of employee health care, records, and test results.
Previous Page Next Page